My Understanding Of Sexism Problem - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 796 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/06/24 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Sexism Essay Did you like this example? Treat Every Woman like You Would Treat Your Mother and We Will be Fine Since the beginning of the #MeToo movement, policies have been devised to keep men out of possible trouble. Men are learning the importance of respecting every woman and valuing them as human beings. I, have written about the importance of fathers training their sons to show women and girls with respect in light of the stories testimonies alleging assault that have been exposed. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "My Understanding Of Sexism Problem" essay for you Create order I too have been accused of sexual misconduct. I was walking behind a temporary employee where I worked. Due to the cooler temperatures in the plant, I was wearing a â€Å"hoodie,† which was unzipped. All of a sudden she jumped up and started yelling that I had touched her bottom (not the word she used). I’m guessing my sweatshirt may have brushed against her. I denied it but by the time she hit the front office, her story had changed. Now I had â€Å"groped† and squeezed her butt (again not her word). I was called to the front office to answer to these allegations and when the new scenario was presented to me, I actually saw red. Obviously my sweatshirt has a life of its own if it can grope and squeeze someone’s butt. An allegation of this sort was like taking a bullet to everything I believe in. I was so livid about these lies, I told my supervisor that if he entertained any notion these allegations might be true I would punch out, get my stuff and they would never see me again. I had worked for this business for over 25 years and had a spotless record. I never even had an attendance problem. An allegation like this had the power to negate everything I worked my entire life for. Fortunately, my record spoke for itself and my supervisor told me they didn’t believe anything that my accuser had said. She was gone the next day. Fast forward to today. If she were to make these accusations now, I would have been fired or suspended without pay pending an investigation. After an investigation I am certain that they would have to believe her story and I would have been terminated. It would have been a case of she said/ he said. With all that has come out about Bill Cosby, Harvey Weinstein, et al, many of us men are trying to maintain a higher standard of behavior in the work place and elsewhere than we have in the past when interacting with members of the opposite sex (sometimes, the same sex). Most of us would prefer not have those incidents happen that could dramatically change our lives and alter the way other people see us. Let me be honest, it is very possible for affairs to happen between two consenting adults in the workplace. We have all heard gossip about this before and we can all imagine that it could happen. I was also accused of having an affair with a female coworker because I would talk to her. Let me say at this point that I have been very happily married since 1969. I have never been unfaithful despite a few opportunities. I respect the sanctity of marriage and take the oath â€Å"‘til death do us part† very seriously. However, other people have created their own rules to follow to try and avoid any possible allegations being leveled their way. For example, there seems to be an unspoken rule on Wall Street that is now instructing men to avoid women at all costs. It was pointed out in a recent Bloomberg article though that this new standard may actually isolate women in finance and make it more difficult for them to advance in their careers. In spite of reasons why this rule is beneficial, it should not be used if it will prevent women from climbing up the corporate ladder and is unfair to everyone. Men can and should just keep their hands to themselves, their eyes focused on the other persons face, and keep any unwelcome compliments to themselves. However, women should not be avoided altogether. They should just be treated as respected human beings who hopefully, will bring valuable experience and to knowledge to their role in whatever corporation or workplace they are at. This rule should not become a problematic obstruction of business meetings or an obstruction to any career that women desire. To make any job an unattainable part of a Boys Club. Ask yourself this one question, how would you like it if your mom was prevented from getting a promotion or a job that she is qualified for because of her sex? If it is unfair to your mother, then it isn’t fair to other woman either.

Agreement With Kyericos Clean Procurement Policy Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 18 Words: 5447 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Case study Did you like this example? Modern concept of an organizations supply chain is pictured as starting from our suppliers and their suppliers, and their suppliers, through our own organization, and to our customers (and their customers, and their customers) Thus KYERICOs supply chain starts from its suppliers in India, China and Germany, through KYERICO and to its many well-known retailers in its customers base. And it is within this supply chain that has recorded the following ethical issues. Workers of Felico supplies are subjected to unhealthy conditions. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Agreement With Kyericos Clean Procurement Policy Business Essay" essay for you Create order Employment of underage staff. Low wages being paid to workers of a supplier Felico supplies. Punishment of staff of some suppliers for their inability to complete orders on time. Procurement of eye drops without local purchase orders by KYERICO. KYERICO senior managers accepting gifts and favours from suppliers. Discrepancies between the automated stock figures and physical stock quantities. Pilfering by some members of staff of KYERICO. Discrimination in pay structures by KYERICO management against female employees. PLAN TO ADDRESS ETHICAL ISSUES IN KYERICOS SUPPLY CHAIN Ethics is concerned with the moral principles and values that govern our beliefs, actions and desires (Lysons). Ethical behaviour should be high on the agenda with supply chain management especially purchasing, buyers should be encouraged to operate to a principled standard. Ethics are also shaped more deliberately by public and professional bodies, in the form of agreed principles and guidelines that are designed to protect the public interest. Ethical issues may affect business such as KYERICO at three levels namely the macro level, the corporate level and the individual level. MACRO LEVEL. At the wider macro level, there are issues that concerns the role of business and capitalism in society. The debate about globalization, the exploitation of labour, the impact of industrialization on the environment and so on. AT KYERICO as part of the audit of suppliers by the new procurement manager, revealed the following at one of its suppliers by name Felico Supplies. Harsh and inhumane treatment is allowed-staffs are punished if they do not complete an order on time. Child labour is being used by Felico Supplies-under-age staffs are being employed. Living wages not paid-wages are very low. Working conditions are unsafe and unhygienic-workers at Felico supplies are subjected to unhealthy conditions. To address the ethical issues raised at this level, the procurement manager and the three buyers of KYERICO should subscribe to the tenets of ethical sourcing. Ethical sourcing will establish KYERICOs responsibility for labour and human rights in the supply chain. In todays global market it is not enough to look only at the basic purchasing criteria such as price, quality and delivery. Buyers at KYERICO must take responsibility for sourcing decisions by acting in an ethical manner towards stakeholders within the supply chain. Additionally, ethical issues at the macro level within the supply chain can be addressed by the Ethical Trading Initiative. This is an alliance of companies, non-governmental organisations and trade union organisation committed to working together to identify and promote good practice in the implementation of codes of labour practice. CORPORATE LEVEL At the corporate level, these are the issues which face an individual organization as it formulates strategies and policies about how it interact with its various stakeholders. Some of these issues will be covered by legislative and regulatory requirement, and organisation may have a compliance based approach to ethics which strives merely to uphold these minimal requirements. The sphere generally referred to as Corporate Social Responsibility covers policies which the organisation adopts for the well-being of stakeholders, taking a more proactive integrity based approach. Corporate Social Responsibility includes key issues of sustainability, human rights, labour and community relations, and supplier and customer relations beyond legal obligations. An organisations Corporate Social Responsibility may include Ethical trading, business relationships and development : consumer protection; the upholding of principles of good corporate governance, improvement of working (and social) con ditions for employees, suppliers and subcontractors, upholding ethical employment practices (such as equal opportunities and employment protection) In the case study under consideration, the following are Corporate Social Responsibility issues that needs to be addressed by Felico supplies. HUMAN RIGHTS Kyerico should devise a code of conduct for its suppliers. The code of conduct should have robust statements relating to human right issues (child labour, staffs punished if they do not complete orders in time) and should be enforced regularly. EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES Kyericos purchasing department can ensure that equal opportunities is an issue included in and monitored in the Code of Conduct that suppliers need to comply with. INDIVIDUAL LEVEL. At the individual level, there are the issues which face individuals as they act and interact within the organisation and supply chain: whether to accept gifts or hospitality which might be perceived as an attempt to influence supplier selection. These issues are often addressed by a Professional Code of Ethics. The audit of the internal procurement function of Kyerico reveals unethical practices in the following areas. HOSPITALITY AND GIFTS A GERMAN based supplier Alexco is gaining 40% of the total orders although its costs are higher than the other similar suppliers. This GERMAN suppliers offers of Hospitality to a number of KYERICO senior managers appears very suspicious. Even though offers of hospitality are among common courtesies of business dealings, the problem for buyers is to decide when these practice among the senior managers of KYERICO amount to an attempt to induce a favourable sourcing decision. The new procurement management should conduct further investigations into these hospitality offers- whether the German companys share of 40% of orders is as a result of the hospitality offers being enjoyed by the senior managers. Is there an explicit link between the offers and the award of business to the GERMAN supplier? A major difficulty in answering this puzzle may be the difference in perceptions between the managers of KYERICO and the German supplier. To the German supplier, these offers of hospitality may be merely a token of appreciation, of a kind that his organisation virtually expects to bestow on most or all customers. To the senior managers, the offers may become a material inducement to favour the German supplier. Thus on business dealings, the difference in perception may also be a cultural issue. Ethical issues are increasingly a concern to major companies and this is reflected in the number of firms which now publish detailed procedural guides in this area. Therefore to address the ethical issues raised in the supply chain of KY ERICO, the plan below will be developed. POLICIES AND RULES. The procurement manager buyers and senior managers should subscribe to the tenets of ethical sourcing and ethical trading. These are meant to address ethical issues relating to labour and human rights. The organisation KYERICO should ensure that Corporate Social Responsibility issues are made part of company policy. Corporate Social Responsibility will address ethical issues in the supply chain of KYERICO. HUMAN RIGHTS. Workers wherever they are in the world have rights as enshrined in the UN Charter of human rights. As an organisation we must ensure that our employees and the employees of our suppliers have these rights. No organisation should be involved in supply situations that infringe on human rights of others. EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES. Equality considerations include equal pay, and the treatment of people in a way which is fair is to everyone. The organisation must ensure that its policies and the policies of its suppliers reflects these issues. Equality is a fundamental right, we should not seek to discriminate. ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY. As a purchasing department or an organisation our responsibility is to the surrounding in which our organisations operates and the impact of our requirement, produced in terms of our portfolio by suppliers on surroundings in which they operate. Hence we are interest in their waste disposal processes etc. SUSTAINABILITY. In the manufacture of products, this issue emphasises the use of materials which are either reusable themselves or made from resources which are produced from materials that are recycled or regenerated frequently. STAKEHOLDERS COMMUNICATION. The ethical policies to be developed should be communicated effectively to both the internal and external stakeholders. Therefore KYERICO procurement manager should also include a communication plan that will inform the various stakeholders of the new ethical policies. A formal communication channel within KYERICO may take any of the following. Instruction from the Board/Management of KYERICO that will include briefings, rules and policies. Horizontal or lateral in the form of interdepartmental meetings. Between KYERICO and suppliers this takes place at the top management levels, since changes in ethical policy is an information for strategic and policy planning and decision making. This will be formal face to face meeting between senior managers of KYERICO and suppliers. The purchasing function effective communication of ethical rules and policies to both internal and external relationships can add value to the organisation. Improved levels of communication between st akeholders can lead to more direct value adding processes within the supply chain. These are to ensure that staffs of KYERICO and staff of our suppliers have access to the ethical policies and to faster responsible and ethical behaviour 1b) RULES FOR ETHICAL BEHAVIOUR Ethics in supply chain management has two aspects: ethical behaviour and ethical sourcing. Buyers are, arguably, more exposed to ethical temptations than most professionals. They control large sums of organisational funds. Their decisions typically benefit some suppliers over others-creating an incentive to try and influence those decisions. Within purchasing there is a high priority placed on ethical behaviour and therefore KYERICO needs to create a set of rules as a preventive measure against future occurrence. INTERNAL RULES A general commitment to a set of rules, evidenced in writing and supported by appropriate training together with a management committed to ethical ideals, provides an organisational background in which ethical behaviour can flourish. Senior Managers and buyers of KYERICO must declare any personal interest that may impinge on their activities. Senior Managers and buyers of KYERICO must respect confidentiality of information. Except for small-value items, business gifts should not be accepted. Senior Managers and buyers of KYERICO should avoid any arrangement that might prevent fair competition. Buyers of KYERICO should be rotated to avoid any particular buyer becoming familiar with any supplier as this will prevent unethical practices taking place. KYERICO should encourage employees or managers to report ethical breaches without fear of reprisal. All managers or employees should register all offers of gifts and hospitality to ensure transparency in supply chain management. KYERICO should have a policy on tendering transparency. KYERICO should promote the use of recycled materials by suppliers. EXTERNAL RULES Since purchasing is the interface between KYERICO and the outside world (suppliers), the awareness of ethical issues is important in purchasing. An ethical sourcing policy places a clear obligation on both an organisation and the purchasing department to ensure compliance. This obligation will often be accompanied by the development of Codes of Conduct which will be placed on the next tier suppliers. These suppliers, in turn, place similar obligations on their suppliers. KYERICO should put in place these rules for suppliers to follow. AGREEMENT WITH KYERICOS CLEAN PROCUREMENT POLICY. Our suppliers must agree with our fair and ethics-based principle and implement fair business. COMPLIANCE WITH FAIR TRADE. Our suppliers must ensure full compliance with laws, regulations, and social ethics under KYERICO Purchase Agreement with our units. FAIR TRANSACTION ON AN EQUAL BASIS. When procuring goods and services, we should conduct fair and appropriate transactions with suppliers according to specified policies and procedures while maintaining the belief that there shall be no private interest in the procurement process. SAFEGUARDING OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND HEALTH AND SAFETY OF LABOUR. Our suppliers must not use any illegal, forced or child labour force. They must also fully comply with the laws and regulations in each country where they conduct business operation with regard to employment conditions and occupational health and safety standards, including remuneration and working conditions. SELECTION OF SUPPLIERS When procuring goods and services, we assess and select our suppliers by providing fair competition opportunities according to the following procurement standards. HOTLINE FOR SUPPLIERS Put in place a hotline number for suppliers to report any wrong doing in confidence IMPOSITION OF SOCIAL STANDARDS. Impose social standards, Example labour rights, health and safety) and environmental standards on suppliers. The management of kYERICO should put in place a set of rules for ethical behaviour that will help KYERICO and its suppliers prevent the issues identified in the case study. These rules must cover areas such as human rights, equal opportunities, employment of under-age staff, pilfering by staff, low staff wages and so on. BIBLIOGRAPHY QUESTION 1 FOGG MIKE, (2006), MANAGING PURCHASING AND SUPPY RELATIONSHIPS, 1ST EDITION, CHARTERED INSTITUTE OF PURCHASING AND SUPPLY. CHARTERED INSTITUTE OF PURCHASING AND SUPPLY, (2010), IMPROVING SUPPLY CHAIN PERFORMANCE, 3RD EDITION, PROFEX PUBLISHING LIMITED. CHARTERED INSTITUTE OF PURCHASING AND SUPPLY,(2010), RISK MANAGEMENT AND SUPPLY CHAIN VULNERABILITY, 3RD EDITION, PROFEX PUBLISHING LIMITED. ETHICS, (ONLINE), AVAILABLE AT www.cips.org, 27th January 2013. QUESTION 2. In business, new product development (NPD) is the complete process of bringing a new product to market. A product is a set of benefits offered for exchange and can be tangible or intangible (like a service). Product development may involve modification of an existing product or its presentation, or formulation of an entirely new product that satisfies a newly defined customer want or market niche. It is also the creation of products with new or different characteristics that offer new or additional benefits to the customer. To improve the companies existing portfolio, procurement function of KYERICO should come up with ideas as to how to work with both the internal and external stakeholders. KYERICO sales turnover for its eye preparations has seen a gradual decline over the last two years. This is as a result of KYERICOs inability to collaborate and coordinate with both external stakeholders such as manufacturers, external marketing organisations suppliers and internal stakehold ers such as finance, marketing, sales, packing and warehousing. EXTERNAL RELATIONSHIPS (STAKEHOLDERS) There is a general trend for procurement function in a company to develop relationship and partnership interfaces with external relationships stakeholders. EXTERNAL SUPPLIERS Evaluation and Suppliers Selection. A supplier is defined as the person or organisation that provides a product or service to another business. Finding a reliable and competitively priced supplier is vital to the success of the business of KYERICO. Suppliers are invaluable partners in KYERICOs efforts to continually better serve customers with high quality eye drops, mainly by helping us to develop products that meet our customers expectation. KYERICO should be committed to creating the functions and values customers demand by establishing relationships of mutual trust with suppliers through the strengthening of external relationships. The procurement manager of KYERICO should ensure that the company evaluates and select the best suppliers in a fair manner by adopting the following criteria. Assurance of required product quality and safety. Fulfilment of on-time delivery. Advanced technology and development capability. Environment consciousness. Respecting human rights and health and safety of labou r. The above criteria will ensure the KYERICOs portfolio remain price competitive in the light of the growing number of competitors in the market, the quality of supplied eye drops is up to date with market trends and new technology is incorporated in the product packaging of the eye drops. Implementation Information Gathering and Purchasing During the Development Phase. The buyers of KYERICO should serve as a liaison between KYERICO and its suppliers to collect information on market trends in materials and products as well as new technology such as laser and processes. The procurement function is responsible for collecting information and sharing it with the relevant function of KYERICO. The procurement function must collaborate with suppliers in new product planning, design, RD operations to take proactive actions. Procurement should help make new eye preparation (branch) that are more competitive through active involvement from product development to after sales issues such as networking, exhibitions. Ensuring Product Quality and Safety. In line with KYERICOs quality assurance policy, procurement will clarify the quality level of existing products and standards being demanded in the eye drops market, and new products must fulfil in the development phase and request suppliers to secure and maintain the required quality. Our buyers will also ask each supplier to develop their own autonomous quality assurance systems by ensuring high quality in manufacturing Processes. Respecting Human Rights and Health and Safety Labour. KYERICO will conduct its procurement activities while respecting the human rights of individual employees of our company and our suppliers and thus provide a safe and healthy working environment. The procurement manager will ensure that all our suppliers strictly respect the human rights of all employees and that health and safety issues at the workplaces of all suppliers are adhered to. This will be done by making these issues part of the evaluation criteria. Enhancing Compliance. KYERICO will conduct procurement activities with integrity, we will ensure that our suppliers comply with laws, regulations and social ethics in each nation and region and promote fair and open competition. The acceptance of gifts and hospitality offers from some suppliers will be stopped. Achieving Optimum Procurement by Shortening Lead-Time. The procurement function will strive to shorten lead-times for procurement, new product development to flexibly respond to changes in market needs by closely collaborating with other external stakeholders. (2) EXTERNAL CUSTOMER. These organisations are not part of the buyers organisation. These are the clinics and hospitals that purchase eye drops from KYERICO. It seems the external customers are now considering alternative brands of eye drops from our competitors because they are offering better quality products. Purchasing can establish quality assurance procedures with suppliers to increase the quality of eye drops. INTERNAL RELATIONSHIPS (STAKEHOLDERS) PROCUREMENT FUNCTION The objective of a procurement function should move beyond its primary role of obtaining goods and services in response to internal needs of other functions. The role of the procurement function within KYERICO starts by looking of the following objectives. SUPPORT OPERATION REQUIREMENTS. This requires purchasing to: Understand business requirements. Buy products and services at the right price, from the right source, at the right specification that meets users needs, in the right quantity, for delivery at the right time, to the right internal customer. Internal stakeholders of the procurement function of KYERICO include: Finance, Marketing, Sales, Packing and Warehousing. MANAGE THE PROCUREMENT PROCESS AND THE SUPPLY BASE EFFICIENTLY AND EFFECTIVELY. To manage the procurement process and supply base efficiently and effectively procurement must follow the following key steps: Identify opportunities where the procurement team adds true value: Evaluation and selection of suppliers. All purchases should go through the approved procurement processes. Other functional inputs are part of this process. Sales personnel should not be allowed to enter contractual agreements without procurements involvement. Managing the supply base Current suppliers are competitive. Identification of new potential suppliers and develop relationship. Manage its internal operations efficiently and effectively including. Managing of procurement staff. Developing and maintain of policies and processes. Defining procurement strategy and structure. Developing plans and measures. Providing procurement leadership to the organisation. Providing professional training and growth opportunities for employees. DEVELOPMENT STRONG RELATIONSHIPS WITH OTHER FUNCTIONAL GROUPS. Procurement staff/buyers will collaborate with internal customers such as marketing, finance etc. to achieve greater understanding of requirements. RELATIONSHIP WITH FINANCE. Procurement can contribute to product development by collaborating with finance executives to reduce the costs of product development. This will be done by finding opportunities to reduce costs in the product development cycle. The role of finance within the purchasing process, is setting and reporting on budgets and financial appraisal of suppliers and projects such as product development. Product development can be done through the setting up of cross functional teams involving the Finance Department of KYERICO. Finance is also involved in cash management and the use of their expertise will help KYERICO to know whether the funding will be available in the new product development. Finance also have expertise in investment appraisal for the new product development. RELATIONSHIP WITH MARKETING. Procurement and marketing can work together by allowing the marketing professionals to do their job of promoting KYERICOs existing portfolio. Procurement will do so by increasing the resources available to marketing, so marketing can consider attending conferences and network events linked to well-known manufacturers. Procurement can also collaborate with marketing to gain early insight into new product ideas. Also in forecast and demand planning requirements of new eye drops developments. Procurement should also collaborate in effective marketing requirements such as differentiation, innovation. Marketers role in new product development will be in areas such as competitor assessment, product life cycles, market development, and product development. Their inclusion in a cross functional team or consultation by the purchasing team will yield value addition to the new product being developed. This will aid KYERICO to develop new quality products that will be acceptable to custo mers and end users thus improving the sales turn over. Marketers will also fashion out how the new products will be promoted. Media, public relations and promotion. WAREHOUSING. Logistics and warehousing teams handle a variety and volume of products. Communication from the procurement department of KYERICO and store manager about the New Product development will solicit their views of the storage conditions of the new product. The logistics team must also communicate with the purchasing team to make it aware of any difficulties with receipts or issues with packaging or handling items delivered by suppliers. Also involving them or consulting them with respect to new products, the team will get their perspectives on the storage conditions of both the product and new packaging materials to be used. They will be of help in the drafting of the requirements specification of new products. Involving Pharmacists as part of teams will use their technical knowledge in the design medicines to help in the formulation of new products. They have the technical knowledge to advise the procurement department on the specification of the new products. The product function of KYERICO can contribute to new product development if the procurement manager and his or her team manage its relationship with stakeholders well. The procurement function should collaborate and coordinate with both external stakeholders and internal stakeholders. This will require developing relationship with finance, marketing, sales, packing and warehousing, suppliers and customers to create the added value that KYERICO need. BIBLIOGRAPHY QUESTION 2 FOGG MIKE, (2006), MANAGING PURCHASING AND SUPPY RELATIONSHIPS, 1ST EDITION, CHARTERED INSTITUTE OF PURCHASING AND SUPPLY. THOMPSON IAN, (2006), PURCHASING CONTEXT, 1ST EDITION, CHARTERED INSTITUTE OF PURCHASING AND SUPPLY. STAKEHOLDER RELATIONSHIPS, (ONLINE), AVAILABLE AT www.cips.org, 28th JANUARY 2013. QUESTION 3. Procurement can be called sustainable when an organisation uses its buying power to signal preferences to the market by its choice of goods and services which meet sustainable development criteria. This power is widely recognised in a number of local and national authorities both in developed and developing countries where the application of sustainable procurement is becoming increasingly common and where a wealth of implementation tool exists. Sustainable procurement is not about burdening the market with extra requirement; rather its a well-defined strategy that gradually phases in sustainable requirement in bids, supports measures, promotes dialogue and open communication between suppliers and buyers. There is no single definition of sustainable procurement but, in its simplest terms, it is the ability to purchase products and equipment, usually on a scale, without compromising resources for future generations. (www.governmenttechnology.co.uk) There are many approaches to supplier relationship management within purchase and supply contracts in the context of sustainable procurement policy. Examples of supplier relationships are Preferred Suppliers, Public Private Partnerships and Long Term Suppliers Relationships. PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS (PPPs). Are made between public and private sector organisation. It is the involvement of private enterprise (in the form of management expertise and/or monetary contributions) in a government projects aimed at public benefit. It is a business relationship between a private sector company and a government agency for the purpose of completing a project that will serve the public. Public-private partnerships can be used to finance, build and operate projects such as public, transportation networks, parks and convention centres. Financing a project through a PPP can allow a project to be completed sooner or make it a possibility in the first place. PPPs often use private sector investments to finance a public project when sufficient public funding is not available. Example of Public Private Partnerships. Private Finance Initiative (PFI) often used for capital and infrastructure construction projects, using private sector finance and with long term contracts, typically, up to 25 or 3 0 years. Strategic service delivery partnerships. Joint venture companies. Arrangement where private sector skills are used to sell public sector services and assets into markets. BENEFITS OF PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS COST SAVINGS AND INNOVATION In the relationship or partnership, the private sector brings a commercial edge and is more experienced in going after the money and finding cost savings. The private sector tends to more innovative and prepared to try new ways of working, and will invest even in these cash-constrained times. On the other hand, the public sector brings experience at dealing with a range of consumers and service needs. SHARING OF FINANCIAL RISK AND BEST PRACTICE. To be successful, partnerships need to have a shared vision and you need high-level engagement from both sides. This engagement most of the time includes the investment of financial resources from both the public and private partners. Should this partnership prove unsuccessful in some cases, the risk of this loss is shared by the partners. ACQUISITION OF PRIVATE SECTOR INVESTMENT. This partnership arrangement facilitates the transfer of private transfer of resources into community projects. The public sector is under an enormous strain financially. A true partnership seek out ways of putting something back into the community being served in a way that gains support. HIGHER PRODUCTIVITY Alleviation of capacity constraint and bottlenecks in the economy through higher productivity of labour and capital resources in the delivery of projects. HIGHER PRODUCTIVITY Creation of added value through synergies between public authorities and private sector companies, in particular through the integration and cross transfer of public and private sector skills, knowledge and expertise. A practical example of a PPP is DHLs partnership with the Ministry of Justices National Offend or Management Service (NOMS) does more than just offering an efficient service it helps prisoners gain the skills they need to put the past behind them. At present 550 prisoners work in t he NOMS scheme, picking and packing orders for the peers. Its a perfect mix of efficiency (service levels have been improved by over 99%) cost cutting (saving  £2m in labour costs) and social responsibility, offering offenders the chance to improve their skills, gain national qualifications and give something back. RISKS COSTLY AND INEFFECTIVE. In spite of the above advantages, public-private partnerships are too costly or ineffective. There is the tendency for tax payers to pay higher costs because the private sector usually sell their services at higher costs than the government. INEQUALITIES IN STAFF PAY AND CONDITIONS. Remuneration levels and conditions of service differ in the private sector. In the private sector, staff enjoy better salaries and conditions of service as compared to that of the public sector. These inequalities can affect the morale of the staff of the public sector leading to low output. Thus affecting the output and objectives of this partnership. As with any contract between a public entity a private form, both partners are seeking to gain from the relationship. The public authority is looking to maximize the socio economic profitability of public sector investment. The private sector operator is looking to maximise financial profits. The role of the PPPs in sustainable procurement is evolving and there are a number of areas where companies can contribute, make an impact and at the same time gain valuable market and operational insight for their own operations. LONG TERM SUPPLIER RELATIONSHIPS. Long term supplier relationships are generally the result of a strategic purchasing approach. They involve elements of risk and opportunity sharing and close co-operation. Benefits could include alignment of buyer/supplier strategies, sharing of innovation, and better continuity of supply improvement in shareholder value. INNOVATION IN PRODUCTS AND PROCESSES. Sustainable procurement brings about sustainability-driven innovation. This is sometimes used for the creation of products, services, processes and new markets, driven by economic, social and environmental sustainability issues. Increasing demands for sustainable products spurs suppliers on to develop innovative new products and processes. Long term supplier relationships have led the way in sustainable procurement creating the way for the successful market adoption of innovative products and services. ENSURING CONTINUITY OF SUPPLY. Continuity of supply means that an organisation can obtain materials and supplies it requires without interruption. Ensuring continuity of supply is clearly one of the major task of a purchasing function. Adopting a sustainable procurement policy ensures that not only supplies can be obtained at a sensible price but that supplies are environmentally-friendly and ethically sourced. PROMOTES CONTINOUS IMPROVEMENT. Continuous improvement means setting goals and standards to be met and when these have been achieved, increased in such a way as makes them reasonable and achievable. Sustainable Procurement- like quality management and other process improvement techniques-involves the ongoing and continual examination and improvement of existing process: getting it more right, next time. RISKS. Risk could include supplier complacency and financial overdependence by either party. SUPPLIER COMPLACENCY. The first potential risk that customers need to be aware of is that tying up with specific suppliers, may force them to specialize in a specific niche in the market. This will result in the supplier being complacent. The long term relationship with the supplier usually means the supplier become their main priority, and the supplier will focus on meeting their business needs. FINANCIAL OVERDEPENDENCE. Another risk that a supplier may have to deal with when entering into a long term relationship is related to selling price. In long term relationships, the customer will usually expect that the supplier will annually develop their techniques, figuring out ways to lower their selling price. This expectation puts immense pressure on the supplier to innovate and make the company more efficient. Their inability to lower costs will possibly result in the firm choosing an alternative supplier, leaving the supplier without a business. These risks, although significant, do not mean that long term relationship are never the right solution for a supplier, and in fact, entry into long term relationships has the potential to help suppliers in many ways. Long term relationships with companies can be often be beneficial for suppliers, but it is essential they consider the risks before agreeing to a long-term relationships. PREFERRED SUPPLIERS. Preferred supplier relationships are often the result of pre-qualification against a specific set of sourcing criteria. The supplier has a track record of satisfactory performance and user departments are allowed to order from them without further checking. Suppliers may hold a particular specialism or standard. Adopting a sustainable procurement policy when dealing with preferred suppliers will result in the following benefits: MAXIMISING VALUE Preferred suppliers deliver the best overall value to the customer based on the price, delivery capabilities quality, past performance, training, financial stability, ease of ordering and so on. EASE OF ORDERING It is easier to order from preferred suppliers, especially those with catalogues and this relationship also reduces transaction costs. Example total costs of acquisition. REDUCED RISK DUE TO IMPROVED CONTRACT ADMINISTRATION. Service levels are higher because these preferred suppliers have a stronger commitment to the customer. Thus the purchaser monitors the performance of Preferred Suppliers to ensure they comply with the signed contract agreement. The buyer has considered leverage and is able to hold these suppliers more accountable in ensuring that products and services meet the expectations of user department and units. And if the expectation of the user department are not met, the buyer can assist in resolving the disputes. IMPROVED PRODUCTIVITY AND EFFICIENCY. User department are not required to call for other bids when choosing to utilize a preferred suppliers as this activity has already been performed by the procurement department; terms and conditions also already established. This allows the user departments to better focus on their core functions/responsibilities. SAVINGS. Using preferred suppliers helps the buyer to consolidate purchasing power and leverage volume. Consolidation of usage drives up to volume, providing incentive for vendors to offer the best possible price. All the savings realized by the procurement department benefits everyone. RISKS. Risks can include missing out on innovations from non-preferred suppliers or supplier/buyer unresponsiveness to change. Dependence on a preferred supplier increases vulnerability to supplier failure or supplier disruption (example strike, disaster). This will lead to reputational damage by association. Complacent performance by a preferred by a preferred supplier will lead erosion of quality of supplies.

Tightening Internet Censorship for Chinese Users - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1584 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/06/10 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Censorship Essay Did you like this example? Tightening Internet Censorship for Chinese UsersCensorship has always been active in China, no matter traditionally or digitally. Because of technological convenience in the present time, the Chinese government must move in advance to control the content on the Internet in worry of any freedom that could harm the communist party or lead to the nationrs downfall (Yang and Liu 250). The incorporation of Internet censorship is that it aims to prevent all access to resources (Bamman 1). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Tightening Internet Censorship for Chinese Users" essay for you Create order Internet censorship is usually grouped into three generation techniques: automated filtering, manual removal by authorities, state-sponsored manipulation (Wang and Mark 2). The Chinese government largely specialize in censoring media through network filtering, search filtering, chat censorship, and blog censorship (Bamman 2). So far, much of the filtering comes from sensitive keywords that extend to political issues and information. Similar to the existence of Chinars Great Wall, the Great Firewall is the virtual representation that blocks undesirable information from entering. Because the Great Firewall blocks access in and out, this keeps sensitive information in China and it will only stay in China. The unwanted information will not be considered at all and will be removed through the censorship apparatus. In general, internet censorship may limit young users academic freedom and research opportunities, industrial companies social development with foreign relations, etc., but the system puts protection forward by having the harmful information closed before anyone obtains them. As China operates on a one-party system, censorship is made to keep an effort to strengthen political beliefs and views together. The purpose of this paper is to synthesize the effects that tighter controls of the Internet have on Chinese internet users. The focus of this paper will be on the behaviors and responses of those internet users. An important factor in examining the reason behind Internet censorship in China and why it is used involves understanding the values of the Chinese. One underlying cause of strengthening censorship is focused on the concept of unity ideology (Chen and Yang 251). China looks to form a uniform country with similar cultural and social values to prevent the overthrow of the government and or disturbance to the order of society. Through control of the Internet, there seems to be a reduced number of social organization sites on the web that spark activism (MacKinnon 40). The reduced number can be explained by having people come to the government directly before opening websites. The goal of uniformity successfully keeps the nation together instead of splitting it apart due to having lessened information to a few differing views. Another cause to the implementation of Internet censorship is explained by the relevance and convenience of content found on the web (Pang 10). As Internet and mob ile continue to advance, apps have been created just for the Chinese, so they only access information that is only necessary to them. Foreign news and information play no particular importance to the lives of the Chinese (Pang 10). Without access to foreign information at all, Internet censorship may be bliss for Chinese people. It is extremely effective when people do not feel being controlled at all, creating unawareness. As for those who are aware of censorship online, there are many censorship-based strictly caused behaviors. Normalization is a conceptual process that shows the adaptation and acceptance of a certain phenomenon over time. As Internet censorship become powerful, users are growing accustomed to having restrictions on the web whenever they use it (Wang and Mark 18). The increasing of controls will only be another level to pass for a certain period, but some are able to adapt to the basic restrictions the internet already has. The only concern the users need to keep in mind is that if they find censorship to be normal, they know largely enough to not say anything that might induce harm to the government and the party. In addition, the development of behaviors in students is primarily made throug h media and peer influences, so obeying the governmentrs actions and controls on the Internet comes out as natural and normal (Guo and Feng 35). Tightening control of the Internet may restrict new and unwanted information, but users are still more than likely to find positive information that everyone has access to. Students respond to perceptions that, in all, move towards conformance of what is right in their society. Another behavior is self-censorship, the action of shutting out own thoughts about the government due to their understanding of possible risks and consequences (Zhong 976). As pertaining to certain Chinese values, self-censorship is also the strategy the Chinese government is using on its users. The elites and those in power create an atmosphere of fear to Internet users, promoting the character of self-censorship out more successfully so that they can regulate proficiently. This strategy of having users self-censor can distort and change choices but is not a voluntary act in all means. Although freedom of speech and express are mentioned in the Chinese constitution, users do not have the full potential to speak whatever they want, especially if it relates to politics or even economics. Tightening censorship encourages another boost to limit speech freedom and expression, but this creates nationalism, which brings political correctness when sensitive events and disasters hit the coun try (Zhong 978). Users have then censored their own thoughts to avoid government punishments and risks, some even also deciding to use a fake identity whenever asked or dealt with sensible political events. Although some users may find interest in sensitive events and become skeptical about the government, they may not answer honestly to questions about the government, as according to a study by Chen and Yang (11). In the end, self-censorship can prevent students from speaking out and may negatively affect them mentally since they try to avoid consequences and the results of those expressions. Furthermore, the authoritarian personality shows to explain that people readily submit to authorities and backlashes those who name the authorities (Guo and Feng 36). The Chinese government will shut down anything harmful online they find at any time. Internet users can do nothing but to obey and comply with these rules. The authoritarian personality also makes users strictly follow what the authorities have asked to put on in the rules of various companies, requiring users to register with real identities and forcing them to directly go to the government for starting websites (MacKinnon 40). Abiding authority every time new laws and restrictions are made is representative of keeping the country in unity. So far, users are ought to continue submission and conformance to government authorities even with free internet. This contributes to pro-censorship and shows that students behaviors toward censorship become more affirmative as they score high on the authoritarian test (Guo and Feng 36). The widest practice of getting around censorship is the usage of VPNs both in and out of the country. Although using a VPN is a long process before it is workable, the students who stick to this method of facing censorship persists. Users have faced slow webpage loads and connections when accessing foreign websites. Without the VPN, it is hard to get across the Great Firewall and perform research, find entertainment, seek self-status, etc. (Yang and Liu 251). Yet, as VPNs become more frequently used, the Chinese government are tightening their controls on VPNs as well, either shutting them down or making web pages load even longer. The Chinese government may be concerned about the content that is presented in domestic websites, but it also blocks undesirable foreign information from penetrating into Chinese politics, especially during periods of political activity (Bamman 3). Thus, the Chinese have removed many foreign sites and places authorities on task for watching. The government reminds Chinese users that the internet is just like the traditional setting where the same rules still apply. VPNs are one of the few areas the government will have to clean up, but there remain some that still function, yet users are facing even more anger on the speeds and the limited freedoms of the internet, making them reveal little trust to the Chinese government (Chen and Yang 22). Uncensored information can cause changes in students political attitude, as according to Chen and Yangrs experimentation, a 0-10 range score of 1.58 was the result for students trust in the government, where 10 is completely trusting the government (22). What have these reviews indicated the effects of tight Internet censorship controls in China? First, there are a sufficient number of studies that show the impact of Chinese governmental power on what it controls, traditionally or digitally. Second, research findings analyzing the behaviors of Internet users have demonstrated that users are becoming what the government wants them to be in order to universalize all ideologies and views. Thoughts about the government are well-kept through the emergence of self-censorship, and access to open information leads users to be intact with positive issues on the regime. Although the conformance to governmental rules of censorship is found in most Internet users, explanations about political efficacy in Internet users are limited in these reviews. With a better understanding of some Chinese Internet users behaviors and responses, the correlation and relationship between the Chinese government and the people online are clear. This strong relationship shows that increase of tighter controls will only continue to normal out the experience on the Internet, further indicating that reducing the strictness of censorship is not to be expected. The importance of analyzing the behaviors and responses of Chinese Internet users serve to show a majority of users to gradually mingle into one personality, which is the continuation of displaying similar ideals and solid compliance.

Companys Critical Needs For The Payroll System - 1586 Words

RFP lists the company’s critical needs for the payroll system (Kavanagh et al., 2012). This allows vendors to align their services with the organization’s needs. Gantt Chart An important aspect of planning projects is scheduling tasks and milestones. An easy way to create and communicate project schedules is by using a Gantt chart. A â€Å"Gantt chart is a graphic display of schedule related information† (Kloppenborg et al., 2012, p. 192). It is a bar chart, with each bar representing a task’s start and finish time (Kloppenborg et al., 2012). All successful projects must meet the constraints of time. A Gantt chart allows project teams to schedule milestones and avoid scope creep. There are several tasks that are needed to complete a Gantt chart for outsourcing the company’s payroll system. First, assuming that the project charter and cost-benefit analysis are complete, the project team will have to prepare a budget. 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Continuous teacher professional development through collaboration Free Essays

string(68) " up a codification of behavior when they have helped to develop it\." The School as a Learning Environment Introduction A positive acquisition environment can be described as an environment in which a community of scholars dwelling of kids and grownups work together to supply, promote and prolong their ain and one another ‘s acquisition ( Barth, 2001:31 ) . In this essay the writer, pulling from professional experience in an Irish primary school context and mentioning to relevant literature, will sketch the cardinal features of schools that are positive learning environments. It will be outlined how devolved leading affecting all teaching staff ; supplying students with a voice sing school policies and their ain acquisition ; a physical environment which enables and encourages larning ; advancing uninterrupted teacher professional development through coaction ; and steps to affect all parents in the administration of the school and in heightening their kids ‘s, and through the procedure their ain, larning are cardinal features of schools that are positive learning environments. We will write a custom essay sample on Continuous teacher professional development through collaboration or any similar topic only for you Order Now It will besides be highlighted how factors such as opposition to alter among school forces, dysfunctional staff relationships and recent Irish Government policies are common obstructions to gaining such environments. Teacher Leadership With a invariably increasing work load and duty â€Å" the demands and challenges of prima schools are merely excessively great for any one individual ( the principal ) † ( Stoll, 2009:122 ) . As Barth ( 2001 ) notes principals need aid in â€Å" carry throughing this impossible occupation description † ( p. 84 ) . One possible solution to this state of affairs is devolved leading whereby teaching staff are provided with leading functions and duties in the running of the school. Much has been written in educational literature recommending this engagement of instructors in leading functions ( Callan, 2006: 214 ; Harris, 2008:31 ; Sergiovanni, 1992 ; Stoll and Fink, 1996:52 ; The Teaching Council, 2010 ; Tuohy, 1999:166 ) . Cases in which instructors can take include take parting in the creative activity of a school vision and associated policies, determining course of study for the school, planning and prima staff development activities, prosecuting in determinations abo ut how financess should be allocated and engaging new instructors ( Barth, 2001:88 ) . The writer ‘s school has started this procedure of instructor leaders with greater duty being given to the in school direction squad, which consists of instructors who hold Posts of Responsibility, sing determinations about school policies, but this is merely a first measure every bit in order for schools to accomplish maximal good results â€Å" all instructors must take † ( Barth, 2001:85 ) . This teacher leading can take to a positive acquisition environment in legion ways. It can assist to prolong and advance instructor committedness and motive to the school as they are involved in doing determinations which affect them ( Fullan, 2003:38 ) , which can besides promote instructors to alter their schoolroom pattern which is important to school betterment ( Fullan and Hargreaves, 1991:23 ) . This leading function can fix instructors for the function of chief instead than all of a sudden puting them unprepared into this place subsequently in their calling ( Fullan and Hargreaves, 1991:20 ) and enable these teacher leaders to larn as they can larn through the experiences of leading ( Barth, 2001:82 ) . It has been argued that if instructors are provided with leading functions they in bend will supply leading functions for students turning the school into a more democratic environment with less subject jobs and higher student accomplishment ( Barth, 2001:80 ) and that better d eterminations are made as a consequence of scattering determination doing sing school issues such as subject processs and professional development ( ibid:82 ) . This leading function besides adds assortment to the instructor ‘s function and can enable them to act upon the lives of grownups every bit good as students ( ibid:83 ) . Sharing leading can besides enable the principal to go a scholar in this acquisition environment as he can larn through coaction with these instructor leaders ( Fullan and Hargreaves, 1991:122 ) . As Barth ( 2001 ) notes â€Å" A school civilization hospitable to widespread leading will be a school civilization hospitable to widespread acquisition † ( p. 81 ) . Pupil Voice Equally good as supplying instructors with greater duty through leading functions another cardinal feature of a positive acquisition environment is one in which students are given greater duty by apportioning them a voice sing school policy and their ain acquisition. The United Nations Convention of the Rights of the Child ( 1989 ) states â€Å" States Parties shall guarantee to the kid who is capable of organizing his or ain positions the right to show those positions freely in all affairs impacting the kid aˆÂ ¦ . † ( Article 12 ) . Irish Policy recognised this right with the publication of the National Children ‘s Strategy ( 2000 ) which aims to make â€Å" An Ireland where kids are respected as immature citizens with a valued part to do and a voice of their ain aˆÂ ¦ . † ( Department of Health and Children, 2000:10 ) . An obvious context for kids to exert this voice is sing their school experiences as a consequence of the big part of their lives they spend in school ( Devine, 2004:112 ) . Opportunities for students to be given this voice in school include affecting them in building and take parting in their ain acquisition by supplying feedback to instructors on lessons sing how students learned and ways the instructor could do the lesson more ambitious or gratifying ( Claxton, 2008:157 ) and by puting up pupil councils to discourse school policies and processs ( McLoughlin, 2004 ) . This voice can even travel every bit far as learning instructors as Barth ( 2001:3 ) describes a school in which students provide direction to instructors sing information communicating engineering accomplishments. This writer ‘s school has begun the procedure of supplying this voice to pupils through the constitution of the Green Schools Committee in which pupil representatives from every category meet on a hebdomadal footing to discourse school environmental processs. Supplying students with this voice can make a positive acquisition environment in a figure of ways. The positives of giving pupils chances to lend to school policies such as the codification of behavior are outlined by the National Education Welfare Board ( NEWB ) observing that: Students are more likely to back up a codification of behavior when they have helped to develop it. You read "Continuous teacher professional development through collaboration" in category "Essay examples" Relationships of trust between instructors and pupils can turn through the procedure ( NEWB, 2008:16 ) . Childs can besides larn accomplishments of hearing, negociating and pull offing differences through active battle in a societal context ( NEWB, 2008:16 ) . Supplying students with this voice can actuate them to come to school by demoing them that both they and their sentiments sing determinations that affect them affair ( Stoll and Fink, 1996:139 ) . It shows kids that the school will handle them rightly as Devine ( 2004:122 ) notes kids feel that schools treat them below the belt when schools exclude their positions. Children ‘s ability to larn about issues such as democracy, justness and inclusiveness can be made more effectual as kids experience these rights foremost manus through pattern and engagement ( Devine, 2004:124 ) . In his survey of a pupil council set up in a primary school McLoughlin ( 2004:132 ) noted positive acquisition results for the students involved including felicity and pride as a consequence of being involved, a sense of belonging, increased assurance a nd a turning sense of partnership with school forces. Claxton ( 2008 ) notes that puting up pupil councils to discourse issues of existent importance enables participants to â€Å" cognize that what they learn by undertaking these issues will function them good in ulterior life † ( p. 149 ) . Resistance to Change In order to include these comparatively fresh constructs of instructor leading and pupil voice as outlined above schools have to get the better of the common obstruction of opposition to alter. As Eisner ( 1992 ) notes â€Å" It is much easier to alter educational policy than to alter the ways in which schools map † ( p. 610 ) . This opposition can come from instructors and principals. This opposition to alter is an obstruction to gaining a positive acquisition environment as Stoll and Fink ( 1996 ) note: A school is either bettering or it is acquiring worse. It can non stand still because its context is invariably altering ( p.42 ) . Many instructors may defy alteration as they fear new inventions that they feel might expose their ain perceived insufficiencies ( Stoll and Fink, 1996:50 ) , experience a sense of loss go forthing a set of familiar set of behaviors behind and fear the hereafter and the unknown ( Tuohy, 1999:27 ) . Experienced instructors may defy alteration as a consequence of familiar modus operandis they have built up which require minimum attempt on their portion ( Eisner, 1998:159 ) . The writer experienced this opposition to alter on several occasions. One such juncture was when the writer displayed a posting saying to pupils â€Å" You have the right to give your sentiment, and for grownups to listen and take it earnestly † , adapted from Article 12 of The United Nations Convention of the Rights of the Child ( 1989 ) , in his schoolroom. Several of the writer ‘s co-workers expressed their disapproval of this message being displayed to kids due to its ‘inappropriateness ‘ on the evidences that students should make precisely and without inquiry as they are instructed to by instructors as has ever been the instance. This mentality earnestly restricts the possible to supply a voice to pupils as outlined above. This writer has besides witnessed instructors learning the same content utilizing the same methodological analysiss twelvemonth after twelvemonth irrespective of alterations in national or school policies. Callan ( 2006 ) in researching the School Curriculum Development ( SCD ) enterprise in 20 Irish secondary schools notes that principals can besides defy alteration saying â€Å" Consequently, one learned in the procedure of this enterprise that one could non presume that there was a preparedness, willingness, or a capacity among school principals to change their function † ( p. 107 ) . Possible grounds for this include principals desiring to keep on to power and control and to be at the Centre of doing determinations sing everything that happens in their school ( Barth, 2001:108 ) . This has an obvious damaging consequence to the end of supplying leading functions for all instructors. Physical Environment Cohen, McCabe, Michelli and Pickeral ( 2009:3 ) highlight the importance of a school ‘s physical environment observing that the environmental-structural dimension of a school including its cleanliness, infinite and stuffs and aesthetic quality is one of four indispensable dimensions sing the quality and character of school life. Research has shown that the first alteration the bulk of freshly appointed principals make upon get downing in the function of principal is a calculated alteration to the school ‘s physical environment ( Stoll and Fink, 1996:51 ) . Marie Stubbs when appointed principal to St. George ‘s Roman Catholic Secondary School in London, England transformed the fighting school which was on the threshold of closing from the Office for Standards in Education ( Ofsted ) into a positive acquisition environment which went on to be nominated by Ofsted as a national illustration of good pattern. One method she adopted to accomplish this was by doing several alterations to the school ‘s physical environment. These included painting each floor of the school a different bright coloring material doing the school more visually appealing and welcoming to pupils, altering the schools atrium by seting in new comfy chairs doing it a more comfy and inviting topographic point for pupils and seting up noticeboards incorporating images and information about pupils and their activities, including birthday notices, to demo them they were valued ( Stubbs, 2003 ) . The late appointed principal in the writer ‘s school has besides made several alterations to the school ‘s physical environment including the creative activity of a new computing machine room which enables students to larn, and hopefully learn, information communicating engineering accomplishments. Claxton ( 2008 ) identifies extra physical characteristics of a learning school including shows which show the journey of acquisition every bit good as the terminal merchandise, such as a student ‘s different efforts at making a picture, showing to them â€Å" We are every bit interested in the traveling as in the arriving † ( p. 145 ) . He besides states that â€Å" One of the ways you can recognize a larning power civilization is by looking at the objects and shows that instructors have chosen to ‘decorate ‘ their classroomsaˆÂ ¦ . † ( p. 145 ) encouraging shows that develop students ‘ â€Å" acquisition musculuss † ( p. 148 ) . He recommends a schoolroom layout which encourages students to travel about and larn from each other in a societal context ( p. 148 ) . Such a layout can enable students to larn through the societal procedure described by Vygotsky where with aid from person more knowing and skilled in a co-operative scene, t he scholar is able to accomplish more than he could entirely ( Stoll, Fink and Earl, 2003:38 ) . A school physical environment which both enables and encourages larning is hence a cardinal feature of a positive acquisition environment. Continuous Teacher Professional Development through Collaboration Equally good as promoting students to larn, positive acquisition environments encourage instructors to larn. Stoll and Fink ( 1996 ) highlight a important ground for this stating: a important subscriber to pupil acquisition is teacher larning. When instructors are professionally fulfilled, demonstrate occupation satisfaction, accomplishments and cognition, and have a strong feeling of efficaciousness around their pattern, they are more likely to actuate students to desire to larn ( p. 152 ) . Another factor in instructor larning promoting student acquisition is the illustration this sets for students many of whom will seek to emulate their instructor ‘s illustration ( Barth, 2001:28 ) . In order to supply a positive acquisition illustration, instructors can be seen by their pupils to be seeking out ways of going a better instructor. In making so they are patterning person who is invariably looking to acquire better at what they do ( Claxton, 2008:157 ) . It has besides been argued that teachers become better pedagogues when they invariably learn how to learn ( Barth, 2001:28 ) . The Education Act ( 1998 ) refers to the significance of instructor larning observing the importance of â€Å" a school environment which is supportive of larning among pupils and which promotes the professional development of instructors † ( subdivision 23-2c ) . The cardinal issue is how the school supports this development. This development should be uninterrupted and changeless because there will ever be a demand for instructors to better ( Fullan, 1991:344 ) and â€Å" When instructors stop turning, so make their pupils † ( Barth 1990:50 ) . Many educational authors advocate the importance of coaction between instructors as cardinal to their professional development ( Callan, 2006: 71 ; Lieberman and Miller, 1999:69 ; Palmer, 2007:146 ; Stoll and Fink, 1996:54 ) . As Stoll et Al. ( 2003 ) note â€Å" If systems to back up professional growing are intended to prolong their acquisition, they must nevertheless, aid schools develop as acquisition communities where ped agogues collaborate to ask critically about their ain pattern † ( p. 173 ) . Methods of teacher coaction presently used by the writer include squad instruction, in which the mainstream category instructor and resource instructor prepare and Teach lessons together and joint planning, where instructors of a specific twelvemonth group program lessons together on a monthly footing. Other methods, non yet utilised in pattern by the writer, include mentoring, in which a senior member of staff provides feedback to a late appointed instructor sing lessons, lesson readying, resources and planning ; collaborative action research, in which instructors examine a specific country of the school such as methodological analysiss used in learning job work outing accomplishments in mathematics ; and common observation and feedback of lessons in which ‘critical friends ‘ observe each other ‘s lessons and supply critical feedback sing strengths and failings in learning methodological analysiss employed ( Stoll et al. , 2003:94 ) . In trying to make a collaborat ive acquisition environment it is of import that instructors are shown that collaborative work can take many diverse signifiers and empowered to choose patterns which suit them best instead than one peculiar attack being forced on them ( Fullan and Hargreaves, 1991:123/124 ) . These collaborative environments can assist instructors to larn in assorted ways. As Rosenholtz ( 1989:85 ) notes they can enable instructors to admit that instruction is hard and that it is of import to seek aid from co-workers. In pass oning more with co-workers, instructors can go more confident and certain about what they are seeking to accomplish and how good they are accomplishing it. Merely as it has been noted that pupils larn better in a societal context from each other the same can be said about instructors. Equally good as instructor coaction bettering instructors ‘ chances to larn it can make likewise for students as â€Å" you can non hold pupils as uninterrupted scholars and effectual confederates, without instructors holding these same features † ( Fullan, 1993:46 ) . It besides enhances the school ‘s overall ability to better as a high degree of shared vision and teamwork is required to convey about important alteration ( Tuohy, 1999:179 ) . Dysfunctional Staff Relationships An obstruction to teacher acquisition, particularly in footings of collaborative acquisition, and hence to gaining a positive acquisition environment is dysfunctional staff relationships. It has been noted that negative school environments have actively hostile relationships among staff ( Peterson, 2002 ) . The writer, through experience of learning in a school with over 30 instructors on staff, has seen dysfunctional, and even hostile, staff relationships as a consequence of subcultures or ‘cliques ‘ of instructors organizing, a procedure described as â€Å" Balkanization † ( Fullan and Hargreaves, 1991:72 ) . In the writer ‘s experience members of assorted subcultures had no involvement or desire in working with yet alone join forcesing with members of other subcultures. This subculture outlook, and ill will which sometimes accompanies it, besides provides a hapless illustration to pupils who frequently strive to emulate their instructor ‘s illustrati on. In add-on as Fullan and Hargreaves ( 1991 ) note: Balkanization may take to hapless communicating, indifference, or groups traveling their separate ways in a school. This in bend can bring forth hapless continuity in supervising pupil advancement and inconsistent outlooks for their public presentation and behavior ( p. 72 ) . Another type of dysfunctional staff relationships are congenial relationships as opposed to collegial 1s ( Lieberman and Miller, 2008 ) . These congenial civilizations can curtail instructors ‘ potency to larn through coaction as although relationships are good-humored and compatible they do non affect the struggle or hazard needed to convey about effectual critical coaction and acquisition among instructors, such as critical feedback sing lesson observations, as instructors are excessively concerned sing their popularity ( Lieberman and Miller, 2008:18 ) . In the writer ‘s experience dysfunctional relationships can besides be between principals and instructors around issues such as work load, acknowledgment, regard and duty assigned to instructors by principals. This has a negative consequence on positive acquisition environments as Barth ( 2001 ) notes a common feature of a troubled school is â€Å" troubled, embattled, or antiseptic decision maker – teacher relationships † ( p. 105 ) . These dysfunctional staff relationships can therefore earnestly impede a school ‘s possible to go a positive acquisition environment and as Stoll and Fink ( 1996 ) note â€Å" Until clime and collegiality issues receive attending, instructors in schools sing troubles frequently show small involvement in development of instruction and acquisition schemes † ( p. 78 ) . Parental Engagement Educational literature has noted the positive benefits, such as making a sense of community belonging, which can accrue from affecting other grownups in the local community besides instructors in schools ( Fullan, 1993:84 ; Stoll et al. , 2003:73 ; Tuohy, 1999:89 ) . Involving the most important grownups in students ‘ lives, their parents or defenders, can go a cardinal feature of a positive acquisition environment. Parents can be encouraged to go involved in the administration of the school by doing costumes for school dramas, supplying aid in schoolrooms, providing resources, giving negotiations on countries of expertness, training athleticss squads, functioning on school commissions and the Board of Management of the school, join forcesing with instructors sing their kids ‘s acquisition and lending to the development of school policies. This engagement can hold several positive results. The National Education Welfare Board ( NEWB ) ( 2008 ) outlines the significance of affecting parents in developing the codification of behaviour school policy for a school by pulling on their outlooks, penetrations and experience which may offer the school a different position. Possible positive consequences include fiting parents to reenforce to their kids the messages about acquisition and behavior that are contributing to a positive school, giving parents an penetration into the demands for instructors to learn efficaciously and assisting parents to hold a strong sense of pride and ownership of the school ‘s work ( NEWB, 2008:16 ) . In add-on as Stoll and Fink ( 1996 ) note â€Å" The fact remains that parents and instructors need to be ‘reading from the same page ‘ to advance student acquisition and development † ( p. 135 ) . It has been noted that most parents have a important desire for schools to be p ositive larning environments as they want their kids to larn to their full potency ( Barth, 2001:168 ) . By join forcesing with parents sing their kids ‘s larning instructors can happen out a wealth of information refering these students such as their involvements enabling instructors to construction lessons based on these involvements which can increase pupil motive. Schools can besides follow steps to affect parents in heightening their kids ‘s acquisition at place. In researching international surveies from 20 states on school – household – community partnerships, Drum sanders and Epstein ( 2005:208 ) discovered this was the country most households in most states requested support and counsel in. This can be achieved by schools carry oning plans and patterns, such as workshops and place visits, to beef up rearing accomplishments and aid parents supply place environments to back up their kids ‘s acquisition. Research suggests these steps can advance a positive acquisition environment as a consequence of positive influences on households ‘ patterns at place, parent and student attitudes about schools, students ‘ academic accomplishment and instructors ‘ attitudes towards parents ( Sanders and Epstein, 2005:208 ) . Parents can besides be encouraged by instructors to talk to their kids sing their ain acqu isition in their mundane lives. As kids frequently look to their parents as function theoretical accounts this can excite kids ‘s acquisition and enable them to see the importance of womb-to-tomb acquisition ( Barth, 2001:24 ) . Drum sanders and Epstein ( 2005 ) besides discovered â€Å" Surveies across states indicate that pupils benefit when they interact with household members about subjects they are larning in category † such as in reading, spelling, literacy and mathematics ( p. 217 ) . In transporting out the attacks outlined parents can besides go scholars in this acquisition environment and understand the altering nature of schools and acquisition. The writer has witnessed merely limited parental engagement confined to fund-raising responsibilities through engagement in the Parent Teachers Association. Even in this limited engagement parents from cultural minorities groups, disadvantaged socio-economic backgrounds and the Traveller community are non included which appears to be the norm in many Irish schools ( Lodge, Devine and Deegan, 2004 ) . Schools hence need to affect all parents in the administration of the school and heightening students ‘ acquisition as â€Å" Most kids learn academic topics in school, but how they learn, what else they learn, and why they learn are influenced by schools, households, communities and their connexions † ( Sanders and Epstein, 2005:214 ) . Government Policies While outside spouses, such as parents, can assist to make a positive acquisition environment, external factors beyond the schools control, such as recent Irish authorities policies can besides be an obstruction to gaining such an environment. Recent Budgets have created such an obstruction. Budget 2009 increased category sizes which besides led to a loss in learning stations ( Department of Finance, 2008 ) while Budget 2010 saw cuts made in the allotments to teacher professional development ( Department of Finance, 2009 ) which has been outlined as a cardinal feature of a positive acquisition environment. Budget 2011 programs to cut down instructor Numberss in mainstream primary schools with the backdown of Resource Teachers for Travellers and cut downing the figure of Language Support Teachers by 500 in the following four old ages ( Department of Finance, 2010 ) . In making so the Irish authorities are taking support constructions for students and their parents who, as has been not ed in this essay, frequently do n’t hold a voice or input into schools. The Department of Education and Science placed a moratorium on primary schools advancing instructors to stations of duty ( DES Circular 0022/2009 ) . In response to this step the Irish National Teachers Organisation ( INTO ) instructed its members non to set about extra responsibilities where a post/acting station of duty is non filled as a consequence of this moratorium ( INTO, 2009 ) . These combined steps, by curtailing instructors ‘ possible to take on excess duties, have hence badly hindered the capacity for schools to implement teacher leading for all instructors as outlined in this essay. The writer ‘s school late underwent a Whole School Evaluation in which three departmental inspectors inspected the schools effectivity for the continuance of a hebdomad. These inspectors placed a heavy accent on written planning which the writer felt did small to heighten the quality of instruction and acquisition in the school. Problems such external reviews can convey on schools include force per unit area to conform to the review theoretical account and standards and they can suppress originative and critical instructor contemplation on the opinion and rating of school effectivity ( Stoll and Fink, 1996:170 ) . The inspectorate completed unheralded ( incidental ) external reviews in over 450 primary schools throughout all parts of Ireland between October 2009 and October 2010 ( DES, 2010 ) . Finland, which has no national school reviews but a system of school self-evaluation ( Webb, Vulliamy, Sarja and Hamalainen, 2006 ) , was one of the highest superior states in the Organi sation for Economic Cooperation and Development ( OECD ) Programme for International Student Assessment ( PISA ) study of instruction public presentation while in both literacy and maths degrees Irelands ranking declined significantly when compared to 2000 ( OECD, 2010 ) . It can be argued hence that the current Department of Education and Skills theoretical account of school reviews can make an obstruction to gaining positive acquisition environments. Decision As outlined in this essay, principals, instructors, students, parents and the schools physical environment can all play important functions to enable schools to go positive learning environments. The cardinal features of such a school can be described as one that provides leading functions and associated duties to its full teaching staff ; affords a voice to pupils sing school policies and their ain acquisition ; contains a physical environment that enables and encourages larning ; promotes uninterrupted instructor acquisition and development through coaction ; and has steps to affect all parents in the administration of the school and in heightening their kids ‘s acquisition. As illustrated by holding these features the school will heighten the possible and motive to larn in all its participants making a community of scholars. In the writer ‘s experience while initial stairss have been made Irish primary schools still have to to the full gain this presently mostly theoretical theoretical account of a positive acquisition environment. Reasons for this include troubles in get the better ofing common obstructions such as opposition to alter from school forces, dysfunctional staff relationships and recent authorities policies. Developing the features outlined is important to making a community of scholars as American pedagogue Laurence Downey ( 1967 ) expressed it â€Å" A school Teachs in three ways: by what it teaches, by how it teaches and by the sort of topographic point it is † .1 1 Quoted by David Hopkins Teaching and Learning as the Heartland of School Improvement Seamus O Suilleabhain Memorial talk, NUI Maynooth, September 2001 How to cite Continuous teacher professional development through collaboration, Essay examples

The life and teachings of Moses and Jesus free essay sample

Jesus and Moses are two influential figures in the teachings of Christianity. They each were chosen by God to lead His people. Moses led the Israelites into the promised land and Jesus showed His people the way of eternal life through salvation. Each of their lives were filled with miracles that helped give the message of God that they were trying to portray. Jesus preached to the people of God using parables and miraculous events. Unlike Moses, who wrote the laws of God down on the Ten Commandments, Jesus spoke to the people orally. It was not until after his death on the cross when his teachings were documented. Although the men never met, there are many similarities and differences in their lives and teachings. One similarity was that they both experienced a miracle involving food. As the story goes, Jesus went out on a boat on the Sea of Galilee for some rest and prayers. We will write a custom essay sample on The life and teachings of Moses and Jesus or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When he landed at a remote place, a crowd came to meet him. Jesus felt compassion for this large group and wanted to feed them. He inquired how to do so and no one could help, the group rose to over 5000. A small boy gave Jesus five small barley loaves and two small fish and Jesus fed five thousand men. Jesus is Mighty to save and Strong to Provide. No matter how meager are your resources; God will provide (http://christianity. about. com/od/biblestorysummaries/a/Jesus-Feeds-5000. htm). † Moses has a similar story where he and the Israelites crossed the Red Sea and lived in the wilderness for 1 ? months. The men soon got hungry and Moses prayed to God for food. God spoke to Moses and told him that he heard his prayers and would provide for them. The men received the food in the way of meat and Manna, unleavened bread. They continued to receive food throughout their service. Both Jesus and Moses showed compassion for human existence and suffering and turned to God to provide for mans’ spiritual and secular needs. One distinct difference between these great teachers was the length of time that they were able to preach. Moses, known as God’s servant, lived a long life. He communicated directly with God and followed God’s demands. He is known for miracles and for communicating the Ten Commandments. For forty years, Moses led the Israelites through the desert, searching for the Promised Land. Moses finally died at the age of 120. Jesus on the other hand started his teachings at the age of 30.